[13] Balbo, who opposed Mussolini's policy of allying Italy with Nazi Germany, warned the king that the Fascist secret police, the OVRA, had collected a file on Umberto's "pederasty" in order to blackmail him when he succeeded to the throne. At about 3 pm on 13 June 1946, Umberto left the Quirinal Palace for the last time with the servants all assembled in the courtyard to see him off and many were in tears. [31] Acquarone told Badoglio to keep his views to himself as the king was completely unwilling to abdicate, all the more so as he believed that Umberto was unfit to be king.[31]. [80] The crisis ended on 12 December 1944 with Umberto appointing a new government under Bonomi consisting of ministers from four parties, the most important of which were the Communists and the Christian Democrats. A quite new phase in Italy's liberation was opening". Umberto was given the standard military education of a Savoyard prince. [12] At the Ciampino Airport in Rome, as Umberto boarded the airplane that was to take him to Lisbon, a carabiniere grabbed him by the hand and said: "Your Majesty, we will never forget you!”[12], As early as the 1920s, Mussolini had collected a dossier on Umberto's private life for purposes of blackmail. [13] Count Galeazzo Ciano, the Italian Foreign Minister, wrote in his diary after Marie José announced her second pregnancy: "I was left to understand the child will be his [Umberto's] without the intervention of doctors or syringes". On 17 August 1943, Sicily was liberated with the last Axis forces crossing over to the Italian mainland. [22] In October–November 1942, in the Battle of El Alamein, the Italo-German force was defeated by the British 8th Army, marking the end of Axis hopes of conquering Egypt. Female members of the Savoy family were not barred, except queens consort. Umberto roi d'Italie II, Umberto, Prince of Piedmont, 1904-1983. [62] Speaking of behalf of the CLN in general, the Roman leadership of the CLN refused to join the cabinet as long it was headed by Badoglio, but indicated that Bonomi was an acceptable choice as prime minister for them. His film work straddles a period in Italian cinema, 1939 1943, when the industry was significantly turned over to the production of wartime propaganda pieces,… … Wikipedia, Umberto Nobile — (January 21, 1885 ndash; July 30, 1978) was an Italian aeronautical engineer and Arctic explorer. [76] Badoglio's offer was rejected as Admiral Ellery W. Stone of the ACC was opposed to Umberto's plans to have Bonomi share power with Badoglio and Orlando as upsetting the delicately achieved political consensus for no other reason than to increase the Crown's power. 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This sentence caused a political uproar in Italy and a brief rift in Belgian-Italian relations, but in March 1932 Umberto asked for a pardon for de Rosa, who was released after having served slightly less than half his sentence and eventually killed in the Spanish Civil War. [54] The power of the Badoglio government, based in Salerno, were very limited, but the entry of the Communists, followed by representatives of the other anti-Fascist parties into the Badoglio cabinet in April 1944 marked the moment when as the British historian David Ellwood noted:"...anti-Fascism had compromised with the traditional state and the defenders of Fascism, and this compromise had been engineered by the Communist Party. [64] Finally, Umberto made the controversial statement that Mussolini "at first had the full support of the nation" in bringing Italy into the war in June 1940, and Victor Emmanuel III had only signed the declarations of war because "there was no sign that the nation wanted it otherwise. [34] Not trusting his son, Victor Emmanuel had told Umberto nothing about his attempts to negotiate an armistice nor about his plans to flee Rome if the Germans should occupy it. Umberto … Victor Emmanuel III was anti-clerical, distrusting the Catholic Church, and wanted nothing to do with a peace attempt made through papal intermediaries. No single voice was raised in protest. [84] As a gesture to promote national unity after the traumas of the war, in June 1945, Umberto appointed as prime minister a prominent guerrilla leader, Ferruccio Parri. Oct 29, 2016 - Tumblr is a place to express yourself, discover yourself, and bond over the stuff you love. [2] During the crisis of May 1915, when Victor Emmanuel III decided to break the terms of the Triple Alliance by declaring war on the Austrian empire, he found himself in a quandary as the Italian Parliament was against declaring war; several times, the king discussed abdication with the throne to pass to the Duke of Aosta instead of Umberto. [80] However, Churchill during a visit to Rome in January 1945 called Umberto "a far more impressive figure than the politicians". His 59 caps for the Italian national team stood as a record for many years.Born in Casale Monferrato… … Wikipedia, Umberto Del Core — Personal information Full name Umberto Del Core Date of birth November 20, 1979 ( … Wikipedia, Umberto Massimo Lattuca — Personal information Date of birth April 14, 1959 (1959 04 14) (age 52) Place of birth … Wikipedia, We are using cookies for the best presentation of our site. [47] Republican cartoonists mercilessly mocked Umberto's physical quirks, as the American historian Anthony Di Renzo wrote that he was: "Tall, stiff, and balding, he had smooth, clean-shaven blue cheeks, thin lips, and a weak chin. I, an old monarchist, am therefore specially grieved when I see the monarchs themselves working to discredit the monarchy". [36] With the exceptions of Marshal Enrico Caviglia, General Calvi di Bergolo and General Antonio Sorice, the Italian generals simply abandoned their posts on the night of 8–9 September to try to flee south, which greatly facilitated the German take-over, as the Regio Esercito was left without leadership. At the time when Umberto was dying, in 1983, President Sandro Pertini wanted the Italian Parliament to allow Umberto to return to his native country. This was not considered proper, given the international situation; thereafter Umberto was more rigorously excluded from political events. [88] In April 1946, a public opinion poll of registered members of the conservative Christian Democratic party showed that 73% were republicans, a poll that caused immense panic in the monarchist camp. [81] In private, Umberto said he found Togliatti "to be a very congenial companion whose intelligence he respected, but was afraid that he suited his conversation according to his company". On 3 September 1943, the British 8th Army landed on the Italian mainland at Reggio Calabria while the U.S. 5th Army landed at Salerno on 9 September 1943 a few hours after it was announced that Italy had signed an armistice. In 1935, Umberto supported the war against Ethiopia, which he called a "legitimate war" that even Giovanni Giolitti would have supported had he still been alive. [25] Umberto was seen as supportive of these efforts to depose Mussolini, but as Ciano (who had turned against Mussolini by this point) complained in his diary the prince was far too passive, refusing to make a move or even state his views unless his father expressed his approval first. [24] The fact that during the strikes in Milan and Turin, Italian soldiers fraternized with the striking workers, who used slogans associated with the banned Socialist and Communist parties deeply worried Italy's conservative establishment. [33] In response to the German occupation of Italy, neither Victor Emmanuel nor Marshal Badoglio made any effort at organised resistance, instead issued vague instructions to the Italian military and civil servants to do their best, and fled Rome during the night of 8–9 September 1943. [22] Mussolini refused the request, and instead gave Umberto the responsibility of training the Italian forces scheduled to participate in Operation Hercules, the planned Axis invasion of Malta. [69] After the liberation of Rome on 6 June 1944, the various Italian political parties all applied strong pressure on Umberto to dismiss Badoglio who had loyally served the Fascist regime until the royal coup on 25 July 1943, which resulted in the moderate socialist Ivanoe Bonomi being appointed prime minister. [39] Under the terms of the armistice, the ACC had the ultimate power with the Italian government in the south being in many an analogous position to the Italian Social Republic under the Germans, but as the British historian James Holland noted the crucial difference was that: "In the south, Italy was now moving closer towards democracy". [89] The American historian Norman Kogan cautioned the poll was of Christian Democratic members, which was not the same thing as Christian Democratic voters who tended to be "...rural, female, or generally apolitical". [78] Before departing for Egypt, Victor Emmanuel saw Umberto for the last time, saying farewell in a cold, emotionless way. An attempted assassination took place in Brussels on 24 October 1929, the day of the announcement of his betrothal to Princess Marie José. 1Biography. [48] Only a minority of the partisan bands fighting for the CLN were monarchists, and none were led by a prince of the House of Savoy. [44] Since the war in which Mussolini had involved Italy in 1940 had become such an utter catastrophe for the Italian people by 1943, it had the effect of discrediting all those associated with the Fascist system. [26] Just before the invasion of Sicily, Umberto had gone on inspection tour of the Italian forces in Sicily and reported to his father that the Italians had no hope of holding Sicily. Humbert II (en italien, Umberto II), né le 15 septembre 1904 à Racconigi, Cuneo et mort le 18 mars 1983 à Genève, est le dernier roi d'Italie qui a régné durant 35 jours, du 9 mai … [32] Adolf Hitler had other plans for Italy, and in response to the Italian armistice ordered Operation Achse on 8 September 1943 as the Germans turned against their Italian allies and occupied all of the parts of Italy not taken by the Allies. But he has a weak face and, to judge by first meeting, has not, I should say, the personality to inspire confidence and devotion in others". [63] Both the British and Americans told Umberto that Ethiopia had its independence restored in 1941 and would not revert to Italian rule, while the Allies had promised that Yugoslavia would be restored to its pre-war frontiers after the war. [20] A few hours after France signed an armistice with Germany on 21 June 1940, the Italians invaded France. [80] In the same interview, Umberto mentioned his belief that after the war that monarchies all over the world would move towards the left, and stated that under his leadership Italy would go leftwards "in an ordered, liberal way" as he understood "the weight of the past is the monarchy's greatest handicap", which he would resolve by a "radical revision" of the Statuto Albertino. [14], In the first half of 1943, as the war continued to go badly for Italy, a number of Fascist officials upon learning that the Allies would never sign an armistice with Mussolini began to plot his overthrow with the support of the king. [60] More damaging, Victor Emmanuel let it be known that he regretted handing over his powers to his son, and made clear that he felt that Umberto was unfit to succeed him as part of a bid to take back his lost powers. Relations between Umberto and Marie José grew more strained during their exile, and in effect their marriage broke up with Marie José moving to Switzerland while Umberto remained in Portugal, though as Catholics, the couple never filed for divorce.[14]. [78], In northern Italy, which had been the scenes of the guerrilla struggle against the Italian Social Republic and the Germans, much of the population had been radicalized by the struggle, and feelings were very much against the monarchy. [45] The statement from Victor Emmanuel in late 1943 that he felt he borne no responsibility for Italy's plight, for appointing Mussolini prime minister in 1922 and for entering the war in 1940 further increased his unpopularity and led to demands that he abdicate at once. He was nicknamed the King of May(Italian: Re di Maggio) Contents. A sign of how unpopular the House of Savoy had become was that on 28 March 1944, when the Italian Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti returned to Italy after a long exile in the Soviet Union, did not press for an immediate proclamation of a republic. [38] Because of what Weinberg called the "extraordinary incompetence" of Badoglio who like Victor Emmanuel had not anticipated Operation Achse until it was far too late, thousands of Italian soldiers with no leadership were taken prisoner by the Germans without resisting in the Balkans, France and Italy itself, to be taken off to work as slave labor in factories in Germany, an experience that many did not survive. [52] The Fascist newspapers reported in lucid, sensationalist, and in a decidedly homophobic way Umberto's various relationships with men as a way of discrediting him. [87], Umberto earned widespread praise for his role in the following three years with the Italian historian Giuseppe Mammarella calling Umberto a man "whose Fascist past was less compromising" than that of Victor Emmanuel and who as lieutenant general showed certain "progressive" tendencies. He was the third child, and the only son, of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and his wife, Elena of Montenegro. [14] Her attempts were not sponsored by the king and Umberto was not (directly, at least) involved in them. [87] At the same time, Italian women were given the right to vote and to hold office for the first time, again over the opposition of the left-wing parties, who viewed Italian women as more conservative than their menfolk, and believed that female suffrage would benefit the monarchist side in the referendum. [47], In December 1945, Umberto appointed a new more conservative government under Alcide De Gasperi. [24] The way in which Victor Emmanuel mishandled the armistice was to become as almost controversial in Italy as his support for Fascism. [52] It was after Umberto was "outed" by the Fascist press in late 1943 that the issue of his homosexuality came to widespread public notice.[52]. [51], In the Salò republic, Mussolini returned to his original republicanism and as part of his attack on the House of Savoy, Fascist newspapers in the area under the control of the Italian Social Republic "outed" Umberto, calling him Stellassa ("Ugly Starlet" in Piedmontese language). [13] Furthermore, it was widely noted in Italian elite circles that when Umberto and Marie José went on trips they always stayed in separate bedrooms. [53] By this point, the Badoglio government was so unpopular with the Italian people that Umberto was willing to accept the support of any party with a mass following, even the Communists. [74], Unlike the conservative Marshal Badoglio, the socialist Bonomi started to move Italian politics in an increasing democratic direction as he argued that King Victor Emmanuel III who had only turned against Mussolini when it was clear that the war was lost was unfit to continue as king. [96] The socialist leader Sandro Pertini warned Umberto not to campaign in Milan as otherwise he would be lynched by the Milanese working class if he should appear in that city. [53] The fact that contrary to expectations that Togliatti and Badoglio got along very well led to widespread fears amongst liberal-minded Italians that a Togliatti-Badoglio duumvirate might emerge, forming an alliance between what rapidly was becoming Italy's largest mass party and the military. Now he is simply repeating his father's arguments. Umberto was educated for a military career and in time became the commander-in-chief of the Northern Armies, and then the Southern ones. "[12] He had a fondness for officers from well-off families. [65] Croce advised him to make a break with his father by choosing his advisers from the democratic parties, and it was due to Croce's influence that Umberto appointed Falcone Lucifero, a socialist lawyer as Minister of the Royal House. At birth, Umberto was granted the traditional title of Prince of Piedmont. [12] The monarchy of the House of Savoy formally ended on 12 June 1946, and Umberto left the country. [51] Beyond removing Victor Emmanuel, which everyone at the Congress of Bari wanted, the Italian politicians differed, with some calling for a republic to be proclaimed at once, some willing to see Umberto succeed to the throne, others wanting Umberto to renounce his claim to the throne in favor of his son, and finally those who were willing to accept Umberto as lieutenant general of the realm to govern in place of his father. With his preceptor, Bonaldi, he went to Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. [95], Some monarchists advocated using force to prevent a republic from being proclaimed, even at the risk of a civil war, but Mack Smith wrote that: "Common sense and patriotism saved Umberto from accepting such counsel". ... Umberto II, roi d'Italie. Mack Smith wrote that he called "some of the more extreme monarchists" expressed doubts about the legitimacy of the referendum, claiming that millions of voters, many of them pro-monarchist, were unable to vote because they had not yet been able to return to their own local areas to register. Umberto's custom of giving a fleur-de-lis made of precious stones to favoured young officials in his entourage was well known, and Umberto's lovers may have included Jean Marais;[104] there was a former army lieutenant who published details of Umberto's advances to him. Togliatti wanted the monarchy to continue as the best way of winning the Communists support after the war. [73], Umberto had ordered Badoglio to bring in members of the Committee of National Liberation (CLN) into his cabinet after the liberation of Rome to broaden his basis of support and ensure national unity by preventing the emergence of a rival government. Ultimately, however, Umberto died in Geneva and was interred in Hautecombe Abbey, for centuries the burial place of the members of the House of Savoy. He is primarily remembered… … Wikipedia, Umberto Caligaris — (July 26, 1901 ndash; October 19, 1940) was an Italian international footballer who played, normally at left back, for A.S. Casale and Juventus.
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